Melanoma, a type of skin cancer, can appear as changes in moles or skin spots. Early detection of its signs is key for effective treatment.
Understanding Melanoma
Melanoma is one of the most serious types of skin cancer. It develops when melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing pigment (melanin), begin to grow uncontrollably. Although it is less common than other forms of skin cancer, melanoma is also one of the most dangerous. It can spread rapidly to other parts of the body, which makes early detection crucial.
Recognizing the signs and symptoms of melanoma as early as possible can increase the chances of successful treatment. I’ve spent time digging into the various symptoms that can appear when melanoma is present, so I can share the key things to watch out for.
The ABCDEs of Melanoma
One of the most important tools in identifying potential melanoma is the ABCDE rule. This is a simple guideline to help people monitor any changes in their skin and moles. It stands for:
- A for Asymmetry: A mole or spot that is not symmetrical—one half does not match the other—is a warning sign.
- B for Border: Melanomas tend to have irregular, notched, or blurred borders.
- C for Color: A melanoma may have uneven color, with different shades of brown, black, tan, or even patches of red, white, or blue.
- D for Diameter: While melanomas can start small, they tend to grow. If a mole is larger than the size of a pencil eraser (about 6 millimeters), it could be a sign.
- E for Evolving: Any change in the size, shape, color, or texture of a mole should be taken seriously.
These five key characteristics serve as the first red flags for melanoma, but they’re not the only indicators.
Early Signs of Melanoma
Melanoma can start anywhere on the skin, but it often begins in an existing mole or a new spot. When melanoma first develops, it may look like a regular mole, but it will have one or more of the ABCDE characteristics. Recognizing these signs early is essential.
Changes in Existing Moles
Moles that change in size, shape, or color are a primary concern. If a mole you have had for years begins to look different or becomes asymmetrical, it may be a sign of melanoma. For example:
- Color variation: A previously uniform brown or black mole may start to show different shades.
- Increased size: A mole that was once small begins to grow larger over time.
- Changes in texture: The surface of a mole may become raised, rough, or scaly.
New Moles or Growths
Melanoma can also appear as a new mole or growth on the skin, especially in areas that were previously clear. These moles are typically irregular in shape and color, with uneven edges. Sometimes, they can bleed or itch.
Itchiness, Pain, or Tenderness
While not always present, melanoma can cause a mole to itch, hurt, or become tender. It may also be painful to the touch or feel sore without any obvious cause. If a mole you’ve had for a long time suddenly becomes itchy or painful, it’s worth getting checked out by a doctor.
Bleeding or Oozing
If a mole or spot begins to bleed or ooze, it’s often a sign of melanoma. This is especially concerning if the bleeding does not stop or is accompanied by other changes in the mole. Sometimes, the mole may even form a scab or crust, which can make it hard to recognize as an issue.
Advanced Signs and Symptoms of Melanoma
If melanoma goes undetected and spreads, it can develop into more serious symptoms. This stage is known as metastatic melanoma, where cancer cells spread to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, or bones. The signs and symptoms may become more generalized and severe.
Lymph Node Swelling
Melanoma can spread to nearby lymph nodes, which can become swollen and tender. The swelling may not necessarily be painful, but it can feel firm or enlarged. If you notice swollen lymph nodes, especially in areas near a suspicious mole or skin growth, this may be a sign that melanoma has spread.
Unexplained Weight Loss
Unexplained weight loss can be a symptom of several cancers, including melanoma. If the weight loss is significant and not linked to changes in diet or activity levels, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional. This symptom typically occurs in later stages of melanoma.
Fatigue and Weakness
As melanoma spreads, you may feel unusually tired, weak, or fatigued. This happens because the body is fighting cancer, which can drain energy levels. If the fatigue is constant and does not improve with rest, it could be a sign of melanoma metastasis.
Shortness of Breath or Coughing
If melanoma spreads to the lungs, it can cause symptoms such as a persistent cough or difficulty breathing. This can be accompanied by chest pain. These symptoms are indicative of metastatic melanoma and require immediate medical attention.
Bone Pain or Fractures
Melanoma that spreads to the bones may cause localized pain or even fractures. If you experience unexplained pain in a bone or joint, particularly in an area that seems out of proportion to any physical activity or injury, it may be a sign that melanoma has metastasized to that region.
Risk Factors for Melanoma
There are several risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing melanoma. Although it’s important to monitor your skin regularly for changes, knowing your risk factors can help guide early detection.
Sun Exposure and Tanning Beds
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, either from the sun or tanning beds, is the leading cause of melanoma. The more sunburns you’ve had, particularly in childhood or adolescence, the greater your risk of melanoma. It’s essential to practice sun safety by wearing sunscreen, protective clothing, and avoiding tanning beds.
Fair Skin, Freckles, and Light Hair
People with fair skin, freckles, and light-colored hair have an increased risk of melanoma because their skin has less melanin, which protects against UV radiation. Individuals with these characteristics should be particularly vigilant about monitoring their skin for any changes.
Family History of Melanoma
A family history of melanoma can increase your risk of developing the disease. If you have a parent or sibling who has had melanoma, you should be extra cautious about skin changes and may want to undergo more frequent skin checks with a dermatologist.
Atypical Moles or Family of Moles
People with many moles or unusual, atypical moles (also known as dysplastic nevi) are at higher risk for melanoma. These moles may be larger than average, have uneven borders, and vary in color. It’s important to regularly check for changes in these moles and seek medical advice if any suspicious changes occur.
Weakened Immune System
A weakened immune system, whether due to a medical condition or certain medications (such as immunosuppressants for organ transplants), can increase the risk of melanoma. If you’re immunocompromised, it’s crucial to have regular check-ups and be proactive about monitoring your skin.
How to Perform a Skin Check
Regular self-exams are one of the best ways to catch melanoma early. Here’s how to do a skin check at home:
- Use a Full-Length Mirror: Stand in front of a full-length mirror and use a hand mirror to examine hard-to-see areas like your back, the back of your legs, and your scalp.
- Check All Skin Areas: Examine your skin from head to toe. Don’t forget your palms, soles, fingernails, toenails, and the inside of your mouth.
- Look for Changes: Monitor for new moles or changes in existing moles, following the ABCDE rule.
- Document and Monitor: If you notice any changes, take pictures for comparison over time. This can help your doctor assess any progression.
Conclusion: What Are The Signs and Symptoms of Melanoma?
Recognizing the early signs and symptoms of melanoma can mean the difference between life and death. Look for moles or spots that exhibit asymmetry, irregular borders, uneven color, or changes in size or texture. Melanoma can also cause pain, itching, bleeding, or oozing in an existing mole or growth.
If you notice any of these signs or changes, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional as soon as possible. The earlier melanoma is caught, the easier it is to treat, with a higher chance of successful recovery.
Remember to perform regular skin checks and protect yourself from excessive sun exposure to reduce your risk. Stay informed and proactive about your skin health—after all, your skin deserves the best care.